{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "# Advanced Strings\n",
    "String objects have a variety of methods we can use to save time and add functionality. Let's explore some of them in this lecture:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = 'hello world'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Changing case\n",
    "We can use methods to capitalize the first word of a string, or change the case of the entire string."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'Hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Capitalize first word in string\n",
    "s.capitalize()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HELLO WORLD'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.upper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 4,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.lower()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Remember, strings are immutable. None of the above methods change the string in place, they only return modified copies of the original string."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To change a string requires reassignment:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'HELLO WORLD'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = s.upper()\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello world'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = s.lower()\n",
    "s"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Location and Counting"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.count('o') # returns the number of occurrences, without overlap"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "4"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.find('o') # returns the starting index position of the first occurence"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Formatting\n",
    "The <code>center()</code> method allows you to place your string 'centered' between a provided string with a certain length. Personally, I've never actually used this in code as it seems pretty esoteric..."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'zzzzhello worldzzzzz'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.center(20,'z')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The <code>expandtabs()</code> method will expand tab notations <code>\\t</code> into spaces:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'hello   hi'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "'hello\\thi'.expandtabs()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## is check methods\n",
    "These various methods below check if the string is some case. Let's explore them:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = 'hello'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<code>isalnum()</code> will return True if all characters in **s** are alphanumeric"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 14,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.isalnum()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<code>isalpha()</code> will return True if all characters in **s** are alphabetic"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.isalpha()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<code>islower()</code> will return True if all cased characters in **s** are lowercase and there is\n",
    "at least one cased character in **s**, False otherwise."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.islower()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<code>isspace()</code> will return True if all characters in **s** are whitespace."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.isspace()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<code>istitle()</code> will return True if **s** is a title cased string and there is at least one character in **s**, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. It returns False otherwise."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.istitle()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "<code>isupper()</code> will return True if all cased characters in **s** are uppercase and there is\n",
    "at least one cased character in **s**, False otherwise."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 19,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.isupper()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Another method is <code>endswith()</code> which is essentially the same as a boolean check on <code>s[-1]</code>"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 20,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 20,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.endswith('o')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Built-in Reg. Expressions\n",
    "Strings have some built-in methods that can resemble regular expression operations.\n",
    "We can use <code>split()</code> to split the string at a certain element and return a list of the results.\n",
    "We can use <code>partition()</code> to return a tuple that includes the first occurrence of the separator sandwiched between the first half and the end half."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['h', 'llo']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 21,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.split('e')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('he', 'l', 'lo')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s.partition('l')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Great! You should now feel comfortable using the variety of methods that are built-in string objects!"
   ]
  }
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